Evidence that zoo visitors influence HPA activity in spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyii rufiventris)

By N. Davis, C. Schaffner, Tessa E. Smith. 2005

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Stress in Yucatan spider monkeys: effects of environmental conditions on fecal cortisol levels in wild and captive populations (2009, background): “Therefore, the higher cortisol concentrations found in these groups of spider monkeys may be the result of both metabolic and behavioral stress related to increased proximity to humans (Davis et al., 2005; Martı́nez-Mota et al., 2007).”
Zoo visitor effect on mammal behaviour: does noise matter? (2014, background): “, 1984; Hosey, 2008) in the 67 presence of the public and in some species stress hormone levels are higher during 68 visitor presence (Davis et al., 2005).”
Animal–visitor interactions in the modern zoo: Conflicts and interventions (2009, background): “Davis et al. (2005) took a more physiological approach to examining stress by measuring activity in the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis via urinary cortisol levels in spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyii rufiventris).”
Sources of stress in captivity (2007, background): “Urinary cortisol is positively correlated with visitor numbers in zoo-housed spider monkeys (Davis et al., 2005), and the presence of human caretakers engaged in routine husbandry tasks increases heart rate in lab-housed rhesus macaques (Line et al., 1991).”