Predicting branch characteristics of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) from simple stand and tree measurements

By Harri Mäkinen, R. Ojansuu, P. Sairanen, H. Yli-Kojola. 2003

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Modelling branch characteristics of Norway spruce from wide spacings in Germany (2007, methodology): “To complete the model system, the models for branch angle (Mäkinen et al., 2003) and the model for the height-to-crown base, as implemented in SILVA2.”
Effect of wide spacing on increment and branch properties of young Norway spruce (2006, background): “Self-pruning in Norway spruce is generally first noticeable at ages of more than 50 years (Mäkinen et al. 2003).”
Response of branch growth and mortality to silvicultural treatments in coastal Douglas-fir plantations: implications for predicting tree growth. (2007, background): “…found that branch diameter growth of both newly initiated and older branches in Norway spruce were significantly enhanced with fertilization, while Mäkinen et al. (2004) concluded that variables describing site fertility and fertilization regime did not significantly influence branch radial…”
Forest Growth and Yield Modeling (2011, methodology): “Foliage and branch biomass can also be estimated using empirical equations that describe the frequency and structure of primary branches (M€akinen et al., 2003; Weiskittel et al., 2007c).”