The effective thermal conductivity of nanofluids based on the nanolayer and the aggregation of nanoparticles

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Eulerian–Eulerian two-phase numerical simulation of nanofluid laminar forced convection in a microchannel (2011, background): “Most of the studies concentrated on the modeling of the effective thermal conductivity of nanofluids (e.g. Xuan et al., 2003; Koo and Kleinstreuer, 2004; Feng et al., 2007).”
The Classical Nature of Thermal Conduction in Nanofluids (2008, background): “These include Brownian motion of the nanoparticles [36, 37], fluid convection at the microscales [38-44], liquid layering at the particle-fluid interface [45-50], nanoparticle shape [51, 52], cluster agglomeration [53, 54], or a combination of aforesaid mechanisms [ 55-59 ].”
A Review of Thermal Conductivity Data, Mechanisms and Models for Nanofluids (2010, background): “[125] developed a new model for effective thermal conductivity of nanofluids that accounts for the effect of the nanolayer and the aggregation effect of nanoparticles.”
New temperature dependent thermal conductivity data for water-based nanofluids (2009, background): “[38], this would seem quite plausible as for a same volume fraction, there are more particles and therefore more contact surface area between the solid and liquid phases (see, for example, [41]).”
Enhanced thermal conductivity of nanofluids: a state-of-the-art review (2010, methodology): “that Feng et al. (2007) showed that clustering effects are more pronounced in nanofluid samples with smaller particles.”