Increase in background stratospheric aerosol observed with lidar at Mauna Loa Observatory and Boulder, Colorado

By D. Hofmann, J. Barnes, M. O'Neill, M. Trudeau, Ryan Reynolds Neely. 2009

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Observations of the eruption of the Sarychev volcano and simulations using the HadGEM2 climate model. (2010, background): “These trends may be related to increases in tropospheric emissions of SO 2 in Asia where convective activity can penetrate the stratosphere, thereby increasing stratospheric burdens [e.g., Hofmann et al. , 2009].”
Global volcanic aerosol properties derived from emissions, 1990–2014, using CESM1(WACCM) (2016, methodology): “We have performed a simulation using 12 Tg of SO2 for Pinatubo and found that it produces somewhat higher optical depths than observed by lidars at Geesthacht, Germany in 1991–1993 [Ansmann et al., 1997] and at Mauna Loa in 1994–1995 [Hofmann et al., 2009].”