Hanging in, stepping up and stepping out: livelihood aspirations and strategies of the poor

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Plantations, outgrowers and commercial farming in Africa: agricultural commercialisation and implications for agrarian change (2017, background): “This may allow diversification, which Dorward et al. (2009) characterise as ‘stepping out’ into wage employment or into the non-farm economy.”
Climate risk management and rural poverty reduction (2018, background): “A simple typology of farmer livelihood pathways (Dorward, 2009; Dorward et al., 2009; DFID, 2015; Dixon et al., 2001) can focus thinking about what roles particular CRM interventions can play, for particular types of households, in rural poverty reduction.”
Livelihood strategies and forest dependence: New insights from Bolivian forest communities (2013, methodology): “What determines livelihood strategies adopted by households in tropical forest communities, andhoware extractive activities embedded in those strategies? For households that strongly depend on non-timber forest products (NTFPs), the commercial value of those products, access tomarkets, the nature of”