Modeling of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell with metal foam in the flow-field of the bipolar/end plates

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Measurement of flow maldistribution in parallel channels and its application to ex-situ and in-situ experiments in PEMFC water management studies (2009, background): “Kumar and Reddy [20] examined the impact of channel dimensions and shape for serpentine flow fields on cell performance and later for porous metal foams [21].”
A PEM fuel cell with metal foam as flow distributor (2012, methodology): “In an effort to reduce weight and volume of the PEM fuel cell, Kumar and Reddy [16,17] proposed to use metal foam as flow distributor, replacing the function of the flow channels on the bipolar plates.”
Flow Field Patterns for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (2020, background): “The foams, meshes and fibrous porous materials have been tested as candidates for the FFP (Kumar and Reddy, 2003b; Tang et al., 2010).”
Overview of porous media/metal foam application in fuel cells and solar power systems (2018, methodology): “Reddy and Kumar studied the application of metal foam as the flow field and compared it with conventionally used rectangular channels through numerical analysis [19].”