Enacting masculinity: Antigay violence and group rape as participatory theater

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“I'm Not Going to Be a Girl” (2009, background): “…& Kehily, 1996; Phoenix et al., 2003); bullying and hazing (Phillips, 2007; Stoudt, 2006); petty vandalism (such as spray-painting graffiti); and sexual harassment and crude heterosexual performances, such as groping girls (Eder, Evans, & Parker, 1995; Franklin, 2004; Larkin & Popaleni, 1994).”
Multiple perpetrator rape: Naming an offence and initial research findings (2009, background): “Peggy Reeves Sanday’s path-breaking work, Fraternity Gang Rape: Sex, Brotherhood and Privilege on Campus (1990), highlighted how this behaviour is commonplace and continues to be so because invariably the victim is held to be responsible (or at least partially so) by everyone involved or aware that ”
Predictors of Attitudes Toward Gay Men and Lesbian Women in 23 Countries (2020, unknown): “Across the globe, nonheterosexual men and women face pervasive discrimination and severe hostility, including violence (Carnaghi, Maass, & Fasoli, 2011; Franklin, 2004; Herek, Gillis, & Cogan, 1999; Meyer, 2010; Parrott, Peterson, & Bakeman, 2011).”