On the relationship between, and measurement of, amplitude and frequency in birdsong

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Animal Communication and Noise (2013, background): “While these studies rely on methods which are prone to potential measurement biases that could lead to false positive results (Zollinger et al. 2012), they potentially also provide evidence for real-time vocal plasticity in response to transient fluctuations in ambient noise conditions.”
The use of bioacoustics in anuran taxonomy: theory, terminology, methods and recommendations for best practice. (2017, methodology): “Instead, they should be measured using a power spectrum (Zollinger et al. 2012), or using an integrated frequency analysis tool available in some programs.”
Not so sexy in the city: urban birds adjust songs to noise but compromise vocal performance (2016, unknown): “Because frequency measures were taken at a fixed number of decibels below the peak amplitude, variation in frequency measures was not due to variation in song amplitude (Zollinger et al. 2012).”