Group‐based Differences in Perceptions of Racism: What Counts, to Whom, and Why?

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Consequences of attributing discrimination to implicit vs. explicit bias (2019, background): “These implicit forms of bias stand in contrast to more explicit forms (Carter & Murphy, 2015; Sommers & Norton, 2006), including preferences, beliefs, and attitudes of which people are generally consciously aware and can, when willing, identify and communicate to others (Dovidio & Gaertner, 2010).”
Annotators with Attitudes: How Annotator Beliefs And Identities Bias Toxic Language Detection (2021, background): “Prior work has extensively shown links between someone’s gender, political leaning, and race affects how likely they are to perceive or notice harmful speech or racism (Cowan et al., 2002; Norton and Sommers, 2011; Carter and Murphy, 2015; Prabhakaran et al., 2021).”