Two‐mode long‐distance propagation of coseismic ionosphere disturbances

By Elvira Astafyeva, K. Heki, V. V. Kiryushkin, E. Afraimovich, S. Shalimov. 2009

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From Sumatra 2004 to Tohoku‐Oki 2011: The systematic GPS detection of the ionospheric signature induced by tsunamigenic earthquakes (2013, background): “Several papers measure it in the ionosphere [Afraimovich et al., 2001; Astafyeva and Heki, 2009; Astafyeva et al., 2009; Rolland et al., 2011b; Astafyeva et al., 2011], but no forward modeling is today able to clearly reproduce it.”
A review of GPS/GLONASS studies of the ionospheric response to natural and anthropogenic processes and phenomena (2013, methodology): “At a distance of 600–700 km away from the epicentre, the coseismic perturbation was split into two separate modes (Astafyeva et al. 2009).”
Ionospheric response to earthquakes of different magnitudes: Larger quakes perturb the ionosphere stronger and longer (2013, unknown): “It is known that the quake-generated perturbation fade out at such distances [ Astafyeva et al , 2009].”
Ionospheric signatures of Tohoku‐Oki tsunami of March 11, 2011: Model comparisons near the epicenter (2012, unknown): “…Davies and Baker , 1965; Kelley et al. , 1985; Calais and Minster , 1995], and have included recent observations of “ co-seismic ionospheric disturbances ” (CIDs) near Japan using the GEONET array [e.g., Heki and Ping , 2005; Heki et al. , 2006; Astafyeva et al. , 2009, Rolland et al. , 2011a].”