Dynamics of Ice Sheets and Glaciers

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The Potsdam Parallel Ice Sheet Model (PISM-PIK) – Part 1: Model description (2010, methodology): “The following shallow equation ofconservation of energy includes advection and vertical conduction of heat and a strain dissipation heating term (Greve and Blatter, 2009, Eq.”
An enthalpy formulation for glaciers and ice sheets (2012, methodology): “The rate, Q , at which dissipation of strain releases heat into the mixture is Q = tr ( D · TD ) (21) whereD is the strain-rate tensor and TD is the deviatoric stress tensor (Greve and Blatter, 2009).”
A variationally derived, depth-integrated approximation to a higher-order glaciological flow model (2011, methodology): “A compromise is the first-order approximation to the full-Stokes balance (Blatter, 1995; Pattyn, 2003; Greve and Blatter, 2009), sometimes referred to as the Blatter, or Blatter– Pattyn equations, in which lateral variations of vertical shearing stresses are ignored in the vertical force balance.”