Strength and water permeability of concrete containing palm oil fuel ash and rice husk-bark ash

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Evolution of alkaline activated ground blast furnace slag–ultrafine palm oil fuel ash based concrete (2014, background): “1 million ton of POFA is generated in Thailand, annually [1,2].”
An overview on the influence of various factors on the properties of geopolymer concrete derived from industrial by-products (2015, background): “1 million tonnes of POFA were produced annually in Malaysia and Thailand, respectively [4,117].”
Durability and mechanical properties of self-compacting concrete incorporating palm oil fuel ash (2016, background): “The POFA produced in the palm oil mills is dumped into open fields without any profitable return resulting in massive solid disposal which occupies vast fields and causes environmental pollution (Chindaprasirt et al., 2007, 2008; Sata et al., 2004).”
The Effect of Rice Husk Ash on Mechanical Properties and Durability of Sustainable Concretes (2009, background): “He established that burning rice husk under controlled temperature– time conditions produces ash containing silica in amorphous form [22-26].”
Flexural performance of green engineered cementitious composites containing high volume of palm oil fuel ash. (2012, background): “POFA is a by-product of burning fibres, shells, and empty fruit bunches of palm trees as fuel for heating boiler to produce steam for electricity generation in palm oil mills [8–10].”