Nanobubbles on solid surface imaged by atomic force microscopy

By Shitao Lou, Zhenqian Ouyang, Yi Zhang, Xiaojun Li, Jun Hu, Min‐qian Li, Fu-Jia Yang. 2000

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Ultrasonic formation of nanobubbles and their zeta-potentials in aqueous electrolyte and surfactant solutions (2005, unknown): “The entrapped gas bubbles in a high density liquid would emerge in many physical and chemical processes [ 1 ], while nanobubbles in liquids could deliver a microscopic level of information at liquid–gas interfaces [2].”
Surface nanobubbles and nanodroplets (2015, methodology): “Two of the three pioneering papers show the AFM images of surface nanobubbles on a hydrophobic substrate after immersion, namely, those by Ishida et al. (2000) and Tyrrell and Attard (2001); the third pioneering paper, namely, by Lou et al. (2000), shows the nanobubbles after solvent exchange.”
Bubble puzzles: From fundamentals to applications (2018, background): “Being interested in tiny surface bubbles, the so-called surface nanobubbles caught my attention, which from about 2000 on have been found in atomic force microscopy (AFM) images of water-immersed, preferentially hydrophobic substrates [118–120], see figure 17a.”
The Integument of Water-walking Arthropods: Form and Function (2007, background): “Numerous authors (Lou et al., 2000; Agrawal et al., 2005; Agrawal and McKinley, 2005) have used AFM microscopy to image the spontaneous formation of nanometre-scale air pockets on hydrophobic surfaces.”