Perceived Characteristics of Sports Categorized as Gender-Neutral, Feminine and Masculine

By N. Koivula. 2001

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Perspectives of Women College Athletes on Sport and Gender (2008, methodology): “Koivula (2001) subsequently analyzed sports using 12 factor-based scales and recognized that sports labeled as feminine were attributed factors such as aesthetic beauty, grace, femininity, and womanly.”
“Naturally” Less Exciting? Visual Production of Men's and Women's Track and Field Coverage During the 2004 Olympics (2009, background): “, running, golf, tennis), have been rated as ‘‘neutral’’ in experimental studies involving youths and college students; researchers argue that such sports do not incorporate physical tasks that have been culturally co-opted as masculine or feminine (Koivula, 2001; Riemer & Feltz, 1995).”
Where are the female athletes in Sports Illustrated? A content analysis of covers (2000–2011) (2013, background): “Much has been written about the perceived appropriateness of particular sports for women and men, or sex-role typing (Koivula, 2001).”
Team Sports Players' Observed Aggresion as a Function of Gender, Competitive Level, and Sport Type (2006, background): “…generally refer to competitive sports, to confrontation or domination where aggressiveness and strength are largely prevailing – boxing, team sports, weightlifting – whereas feminine-typed sports are more oriented towards aestheticism, grace, flexibility – dancing, figure skating - (Koivula, 2001).”