Embedding social dilemmas in intergroup competition reduces free-riding

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Household energy use: Applying behavioural economics to understand consumer decision-making and behaviour (2015, background): “Experimental work also suggests that embedding social dilemmas and intragroup conflict in intergroup competition may reduce free-riding (see [152]) and inducing a sense of social inclusion may increase pro-social behaviour by fostering empathetic concern for others [153].”
Cooperation in humans: competition between groups and proximate emotions (2010, background): “…2003; De Cremer & Van Vugt 1999; Erev, Bornstein, & Galili, 1993; Gintis 2000, 2003; Gintis, Bowles, Boyd, & Fehr, 2005; Gunnthorsdottir & Rapoport 2006; Hamilton, 1971, 1975; Henrich & Boyd 2001; Henrich et al., 2005; Lehmann, Rousset, Roze, & Keller, 2007; Puurtinen &…”
Behavior in Group Contests: A Review of Experimental Research (2015, unknown): “There are three studies directly comparing the egalitarian rule ( 𝛼 𝐴 = 1 ) to the proportional rule ( 𝛼 𝐴 = 0 ), which are done by Amaldoss et al. (2000), Gunnthorsdottir and Rapoport (2006) and Kugler et al. (2010).”
A survey of experimental research on contests, all-pay auctions and tournaments (2014, background): “Gunnthorsdottir and Rapoport (2006) and Kugler et al. (2010) find that the proportional sharing rule elicits higher individual efforts than the egalitarian rule.”