Inhomogeneous forcing and transient climate sensitivity

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The Vulnerable World Hypothesis (2019, unknown): “For example, the transient climate sensitivity (a measure of the medium-term change in mean global surface temperature of the Earth that results from some kind of forcing, such as a doubling of atmospheric CO2) could have turned out to be much greater than it is (Shindell, 2014).”
The social cost of atmospheric release (2015, methodology): “As valuation depends strongly on the transient climate response, uncertainty in sensitivity is based on the range in a recent study of the AR5 models (1.3–3.15 °C; (Shindell 2014)) relative to the mean of those models (1.8 °C, hence −28 %/+75 %; those models also exhibited a mean ECS of 3.2 °C).”
Recommendations for diagnosing effective radiative forcing from climate models for CMIP6 (2016, background): “Forcing driver efficacy [Marvel et al., 2015; Shindell, 2014], shifting spatial patterns of response [Armour et al., 2012; Rose et al., 2014] and temporal evolution of feedback [Andrews et al., 2015; Gregory and Andrews, 2016] have all been mooted as a possible cause of differences between ECS…”