Who Sprawls Most? Exploring the Patterns of Urban Growth across 26 European Countries

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Urban growth and decline: Europe’s shrinking cities in a comparative perspective 1990–2010 (2018, methodology): “Secondly, as the decline in density has often been used as the very definition of sprawl, a comparison of both the population growth and the growth of built-up areas, expressed as density changes, can provide additional explanations serving the heuristic model (Siedentop and Fina, 2012).”