Analog acoustic expression in speech communication

By Hadas Shintel, Howard C. Nusbaum, A. Okrent. 2006

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Synesthesia: a new approach to understanding the development of perception. (2013, background): “Similarly, adult speakers spontaneously increase or decrease pitch when describing motion up or down, respectively (Shintel et al., 2006).”
Language as shaped by the brain. (2008, background): “…and Elman (1995) demonstrated how cross-generational learning by sequential learning devices can model the gradual historical change in English verb inflection from a complex past tense system in Old English to the dominant “regular” class and small classes of “irregular” verbs of modern English.”
Embodied Language: A Review of the Role of the Motor System in Language Comprehension (2008, background): “However, a recent study shows that speech rate is correlated with the speed of the described event (Shintel, Nusbaum, & Okrent, 2006 ).”
Iconicity as a General Property of Language: Evidence from Spoken and Signed Languages (2010, background): “Through “spoken gesture” – or analog acoustic expression – visual-spatial information in the world (e.g., speed of motion or direction of motion) can be encoded acoustically as modulations of pitch and speaking rate (Shintel et al., 2006).”
Prosodic Contrasts in Ironic Speech (2010, background): “Recent evidence suggests that speakers use prosody to communicate analogical referential information independent from affect and intentions ( Shintel, Nusbaum, & Okrent, 2006 ) that could also appear as prosodic contrasts.”