Three-dimensional modeling of grain structure evolution during welding of an aluminum alloy

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Additive manufacturing of metallic components – Process, structure and properties (2018, background): “Columnar structures are developed when dendrites that are more aligned with the temperature gradient outgrow slower growing misaligned dendrites [95,96,297,298].”
Three-dimensional grain growth during multi-layer printing of a nickel-based alloy Inconel 718 (2019, methodology): “Often predictions of grain growth are done for a single layer deposit [7,15].”
Microstructure modelling for metallic additive manufacturing: a review (2020, methodology): “…Liu 2014) (Yang et al. 2000; Mishra and DebRoy 2004a; Mishra and DebRoy 2004b; Zhong 2011; Liu et al. 2014; Wang, Liu, and Wei 2014; Rodgers et al. 2016; Rodgers, Madison, and Tikare 2017; Wei, Elmer, and DebRoy 2017) (Yin and Felicelli 2010; Zaeem, Yin, and Felicelli 2013; Wang et al. 2014;…”
Building blocks for a digital twin of additive manufacturing (2017, background): “The evolution of microstructure and geometry is affected by the transient temperature fields, cooling rates and solidification parameters [6,7], which, in turn, depend on the process variables, alloy and specific AM process.”
Simulation of metal additive manufacturing microstructures using kinetic Monte Carlo (2017, methodology): “Current models for microstructure prediction in additive manufacturing are often extensions of methods initially developed for directional solidification or welding [19].”