Hybrid Deep Neural Network--Hidden Markov Model (DNN-HMM) Based Speech Emotion Recognition

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Deep Learning: Methods and Applications (2014, background): “to emotion recognition from speech in [207, 222], to spoken language understanding in [242, 366, 403], to speaker recognition in [351, 372], to language-type recognition in [112], to dialogue state tracking for spoken dialogue systems in [94, 152], to automatic voice activity detection in [442], to ”
Improving speech emotion recognition via Transformer-based Predictive Coding through transfer learning (2018, background): “Speech emotion recognition, as an important aspect of emotion recognition, has shown tremendous progress under the development of deep learning [1-10].”
Speech Emotion Recognition Using Deep Learning Techniques: A Review (2019, background): “A variation of this salient featuresbased emotion learning has been presented in [123], where”
Speech emotion recognition using deep neural network and extreme learning machine (2014, methodology): “We mention that Li et al. [22] use DNN to predict HMM states for emotion estimation.”
Understanding of Machine Learning with Deep Learning: Architectures, Workflow, Applications and Future Directions (2023, methodology): “In 2012, the CNN method was used using a Hybrid Neural Network-Hidden Markov Model (NN-HMM) [65].”