Barrier Epithelial Cells and the Control of Type 2 Immunity.

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Interleukins (from IL-1 to IL-38), interferons, transforming growth factor β, and TNF-α: Receptors, functions, and roles in diseases. (2016, background): “Epithelial cells regulate both innate and adaptive immunity, among others, through the production of various costimulatory molecules, chemokines, cytokines, and lipid mediators in response to environmental stimuli sensed by the rich panel of intracellular sensors, such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs),”
Food allergy: A review and update on epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, prevention, and management. (2018, background): “Another pathway by which IL-33 promotes food allergy is through expansion and activation of group 2 innate lymphoid cells, which respond by producing large amounts of IL-4, which suppresses generation of Treg cells in the skin, lung, and small intestine.(73,74) In addition, IL-33 contributes to acut”
Sensory Neurons Co-opt Classical Immune Signaling Pathways to Mediate Chronic Itch (2017, neutral): “Whereas the epithelium was previously thought to be solely a physical barrier, recent advances have highlighted its direct role in a variety of immune functions, demonstrating that crosstalk between multiple cellular systems is essential for proper host defense (Artis and Spits, 2015; Hammad and Lam”