Vitamin D deficiency.

By M. F. Holick. New England Journal of Medicine, 2007

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Evidence that Vitamin D Supplementation Could Reduce Risk of Influenza and COVID-19 Infections and Deaths (2020, background): “The general metabolism and actions of vitamin D are well known [7].”
Immunologic Effects of Vitamin D on Human Health and Disease (2020, background): “The macrophage production of 1,25(OH)2D not only is for the purpose of upregulating the production of cathelicidin LL-37 but also produces it so that it can exit the cell and influence nearby lymphocyte function [2] (Figure 2).”
Vitamin D and cardiovascular disease. (2014, background): “It plays a crucial role in mineral homeostasis and skeletal health and its deficiency classically leads to rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults.(1) Its primary action on the skeletal system is to regulate calcium and phosphorus metabolism by influencing intestinal absorption, bone resorpti”
Suppression of Cornea Stromal Fibrosis by Vitamin D (2025, unknown): “During this process, UVB rays convert 7-dehydrocholesterol in the skin to vitamin D3, which is then hydroxylated in the liver and kidneys to form calcitriol [57].”