Playing to the Home Crowd? Symbolic Use of Economic Sanctions in the United States

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When Do Imposed Economic Sanctions Work? A Critical Review of the Sanctions Effectiveness Literature (2019, background): “…same lines, others show that coercive measures tend to work better in constraining targets’ access to essential resources, signaling norms, or achieving domestic symbolic goals such as more public support for leaders (Lindsay 1986; Whang 2011; Giumelli 2011; Biersteker, Eckert, and Tourinho 2016).”
The Impact of UN and US Economic Sanctions on GDP Growth (2015, unknown): “Economic sanctions are often used as a symbolic instrument to stigmatize political regimes (Whang, 2011).”
The Secret Success of Nonproliferation Sanctions (2014, background): “See Kaempfer and Lowenberg 1988; Lindsay 1986, 153–54; Whang 2011; and Drezner 1998, 710–11. to the sanctions will concede at the mere threat rather than defying the sender and enduring the costs.15 Turning to the literature on nuclear proliferation, extant work has identified three classes of…”