Testing the Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis in Portugal

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Exploring the Relationship between Energy Usage Segregation and Environmental Degradation in N-11 Countries (2017, methodology): “…the analysis of the association between trade openness and CO2 emissions by considering multivariate frameworks and including financial development, HDI, and institutional quality (e.g., Ibrahim and Law, 2015; Shahbaz et al., 2015; Al-Mulali et al., 2016; Sinha and Sen, 2016, and many others).”
What drives carbon dioxide emissions in the long-run? Evidence from selected South Asian Countries (2016, background): “The notable studies that evident such relationship are- (Grossman and Krueger, 1994, Takeda and Matsuura, 2006, Suri and Chapman, 1998, Lopez, 1994; Shahbaz et al., 2013; Shahbaz et al., 2014; Shahbaz et al., 2015; Apergis and Ozturk, 2015; Al-Mulali et al., 2015a; Ahmed and Ozturk, 2016).”
Relationships among carbon emissions, economic growth, energy consumption and population growth: Testing environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis for Brazil, China, India and Indonesia (2016, background): “Also EKC hypothesis is not confirmed in the case of Portugal in the study of Shahbaz et al. (2015).”
The effects of electricity consumption, economic growth, financial development and foreign direct investment on CO2 emissions in Kuwait (2018, unknown): “The EKC hypothesis was recently tested by Apergis and Ozturk (2015), Shahbaz et al. (2015), and Al-Mulali et al. (2015b) with various datasets and econometric approaches.”