Equilibrium Information from Nonequilibrium Measurements in an Experimental Test of Jarzynski's Equality

By J. Liphardt, S. Dumont, Steven B. Smith, Ignacio Tinoco Jr., C. Bustamante. Science, 2002

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Scalable molecular dynamics with NAMD (2005, methodology): “The Jarzynski equality provides a way to extract equilibrium information, such as free energy differences, from averaging over nonequilibrium processes [76], a method that has been tested against computer simulations [77] and experiments [78].”
Experimental demonstration of information-to-energy conversion and validation of the generalized Jarzynski equality (2010, background): “Although the second law concerns only the average, or the first-order cumulant, of the stochastic quantity Δ F − W , Jarzynski pointed out that the second law naturally emerges as the first-order cumulant expansion of the following equality that involves Δ F − W to all order”