How the iPhone Widens the United States Trade Deficit with the People's Republic of China

By Yuqing Xing, Neal Detert. 2010

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Five Facts about Value-Added Exports and Implications for Macroeconomics and Trade Research (2014, background): “Not surprisingly therefore, the fact that bilateral trade balances are not equal in gross and value-added terms has attracted substantial attention in policy circles (Xing and Detert 2010; Lamy 2011; Johnson and Noguera 2012a).”
The Past, Present, and Future of Economic Growth (2014, background): “China, where the iPhone 3G is assembled, contributes only $6.50 of the total manufacturing cost of $179 for the final product (Rassweiler 2009, cited in Xing and Detert 2010).”
Measuring Smile Curves in Global Value Chains (2020, unknown): “Xing and Detert (2010) examined the case of the iPhone and found that value added by China contributed just 3.6% to the $2.0 billion of iPhone exports to the US in 2009; the remainder of the value added was from Germany, Japan, Korea, the US, and other countries.”
Global value chains in a changing world (2013, background): “To advance their export-led growth agenda, East Asian countries invested in improving transport infrastructure. They also put in place schemes aimed at alleviating administrative burdens and encouraging processing trade in order to take full advantage of GVCs. As shown in Duval and Utoktham (2011), ”