Balancing natural and sexual selection in sockeye salmon: interactions between body size, reproductive opportunity and vulnerability to predation by bears

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Brown bears selectively kill salmon with higher energy content but only in habitats that facilitate choice (2004, methodology): “161ƒW) is a small, shallow, spring-fed stream (Table 1), flowing into Lake Aleknagik in the Wood River system in southwestern Alaska (for habitat data see Marriott 1964, for a map see Quinn et al. 2001b).”
Size- and Sex-Selective Mortality of Adult Sockeye Salmon: Bears, Gulls, and Fish Out of Water (2001, background): “Bears tend to attack males and larger salmon (Quinn and Kinnison 1999; Reimchen 2000; Ruggerone et al. 2000), whereas gulls attack primarily females (Mossman 1958).”
Transportation of Pacific salmon carcasses from streams to riparian forests by bears (2009, methodology): “Finally, given that the geomorphology of the stream influences not only the proportion of salmon killed by bears (Quinn et al. 2001) but also patterns of salmon carcass consumption (Gende et al.”