Enzymatic conversion of lignocellulose into fermentable sugars: challenges and opportunities

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Laccases as a Potential Tool for the Efficient Conversion of Lignocellulosic Biomass: A Review (2017, background): “This optimization involves the use of low-cost substrates and/or the inclusion of novel enzymatic activities, such as the non-hydrolytic proteins swollenins and expansins, and the polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) [19,20].”
Yield-determining factors in high-solids enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulose (2009, neutral): “Background Climate changes and shortage of fossil fuels have sparked a growing demand for liquid biofuels which in turn has increased the amount of research into the production of lignocellulose-derived bioethanol [1,2].”
Consolidated bioprocessing and simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of lignocellulose to ethanol with thermotolerant yeast strains (2012, background): “Saccharification with cellulolytic enzymes is best done around 50 C, while most fermenting microbes have an optimum temperature for ethanol fermentation between 28 C and 37 C [13–15].”
Commercial cellulosic ethanol: The role of plant-expressed enzymes (2009, background): “No such strain has yet been reported even at lab scale, but progress is being made on CBP strain engineering (Lynd et al. 2005; Jorgensen et al. 2007).”