Geophysical constraints on the reliability of solar and wind power in the United States

By Matthew Shaner, Nathan S. Lewis, K. Caldeira. 2018

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Net-zero emissions energy systems (2018, background): “electricity demand in 2015) and span multiple days, or even weeks (61).”
A review on the complementarity of renewable energy sources: Concept, metrics, application and future research directions (2019, background): “(2018) [33] analyzed how the geophysical variability of solar and wind resources affects the system’s reliability that can be achieved by different mixes of these two sources.”
Carbon‐Neutral Pathways for the United States (2021, background): “The (vii) 100% renewable primary energy casewas designed to test the much‐debated feasibility and cost of an E&I system based entirely on renewable energy (Breyer et al., 2018; Brick & Thernstrom, 2016; Clack et al., 2017; Jacobson et al., 2015, 2017; Shaner et al., 2018).”
Solar, wind and logistic substitution in global energy supply to 2050 – Barriers and implications (2022, unknown): “…addition to local electricity transmission and distribution infrastructure already in use (with losses of around 10%), long-distance HVDC transmission and batteries used to provide secure and reliable supply [64] would also introduce losses, but which would be unlikely to exceed 20% (see Appendix).”