Mechanisms of action of probiotics: Recent advances

By S. Ng, A. Hart, M. Kamm, A. Stagg, S. Knight. Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, 2009

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Alternatives to antibiotics for maximizing growth performance and feed efficiency in poultry: a review (2017, background): “Although the modes of action by which probiotics improve performance and promote gut health are not completely understood, a few have been proposed and reviewed (Edens, 2003; Parvez et al., 2006; Kabir, 2009; Ng et al., 2009; Vilà et al., 2010; Lee et al., 2010a).”
Intestinal microbiota in human health and disease: the impact of probiotics (2011, background): “Numerous health-beneficial effects have been attributed to probiotic microorganisms (Iannitti and Palmieri 2010; Ng et al. 2009).”
Intestinal microbiome of poultry and its interaction with host and diet (2014, background): “com Gut Microbes 115 by and proliferation of pathogenic bacteria through competition for nutrient and attachment site,(103,104) (2) production of bacteriostatic and bactericidal substances against pathogens,(7,111) (3) neutralizing enterotoxins,(131) (4) enhancing gut barrier function,(132) and (5) ”
Anti-Inflammatory and Immunomodulatory Effects of Probiotics in Gut Inflammation: A Door to the Body (2021, background): “Several strains of probiotics have been shown to exert multiple and varied effects on the host and its immune system (56).”