Resistance and tolerance in Populus tremuloides: genetic variation, costs, and environmental dependency

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Adaptations of quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) for defense against herbivores (2013, background): “Numerous common garden studies (e.g., Hwang and Lindroth , 1997; Osier and Lindroth, 2004; Donaldson and Lindroth, 2007; Stevens et al., 2007 ) have documented a range of genotypi c variation in aspen foliar chemistry that matches the range reported for clones in the field.”
Deadly combination of genes and drought: increased mortality of herbivore‐resistant trees in a foundation species (2009, background): “It is generally thought that there is a metabolic cost associated with herbivore resistance that stems from the reallocation of resources from growth and reproduction, to defense against herbivore attack (Mooney & Gulmon, 1982; Gulmon & Mooney, 1986; Stevens et al., 2007).”
Variation in tolerance to herbivory is mediated by differences in biomass allocation in aspen (2007, methodology): “Allocation to stems may be especially beneficial 46 M. T. Stevens et al. © 2007 The Authors.”
Life history strategies of aspen (Populus tremula L.) and browsing effects: a literature review (2011, background): “…, 2000 ; Danell et al. , 2003 ) Growth rate High Reduced growth rate due to browsing, and indirectly due to cost of chemical defence (see below) ( Stevens et al. , 2007 ; Halofsky et al. , 2008 ) Morphology Apical dominance Suspension of apical dominance, reduced leader growth ( Andrén and…”