Balling behavior of stainless steel and nickel powder during selective laser melting process

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Overview on Additive Manufacturing Technologies (2017, background): “4, April 2017 A combination of low laser power, high scanning speed, and large layer thickness generates usually an insufficient energy that often produces a balling phenomenon due to lack of wetting of molten pool with the preceding layer [77].”
In-situ sensing, process monitoring and machine control in Laser Powder Bed Fusion: A review (2021, neutral): “2) for stainless steel 316L parts [21].”
On the use of spatter signature for in-situ monitoring of Laser Powder Bed Fusion (2017, background): “, the energy per surface (or volume) unit transferred to the material during the laser scanning of each layer, is a synthetic parameter whose correlation to the part quality was investigated by several authors [1, 37, 40].”
An overview of powder granulometry on feedstock and part performance in the selective laser melting process (2017, background): “In fact, the most common surface defect also known as balling phenomenon is a result of melt pool breakages under high scanning speeds which generate discontinuous surfaces that obstruct coater movement and initiate porosity through non-uniform powder deposition [13,40].”