The Weakness of Postcommunist Civil Society

By M. Howard. 2002

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Entrepreneurship in Transition Economies: The Role of Institutions and Generational Change (2010, background): “These findings are confirmed by the World Value Surveys, reported by Howard (2000). They show that in the transition economies, lack of generalised trust was partly substituted for by private networks in the communist era.”
Empowerment and resident support for tourism in rural Central and Eastern Europe (CEE): the case of Pomerania, Poland (2017, background): “…general sense of exclusion and lack of institutional trust turn out to be a major obstacle for rural residents within CEE to benefit from contemporary development opportunities (Dowley & Silver, 2002; Howard, 2002; Krzy_zowski, 2008; Roberts & Simpson, 1999; Tucker, Pacek, & Berinsky, 2002).”
International Diffusion and Postcommunist Electoral Revolutions (2006, background): “In the latter cases, however, in contexts where there are political opportunities for changednot just regular elections, but also, for example, rapidly expanding civil societies, though starting with deficiencies in this regard (Howard, 2002), vibrant parliaments (which was critical in Ukraine, for ”