Rumors, False Flags, and Digital Vigilantes: Misinformation on Twitter after the 2013 Boston Marathon Bombing

By Kate Starbird, Jim Maddock, M. Orand, Peg Achterman, R. Mason. 2014

480 citations recorded by the source corpus.

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False Information on Web and Social Media: A Survey (2018, background): “1), what is the impact of false information on its readers on web and social media? In the real world, false information has been shown to have significant impact on the stock market [17], hampering response during natural disasters [32], and terroristic activity [27, 96].”
Disinformation and social bot operations in the run up to the 2017 French presidential election (2017, background): “Similar suggestions have been advanced by other studies (Starbird, et al., 2014; Nied, et al., 2017); however, our work is the first to identify the presence of bots that existed during the 2016 U.S. Presidential election campaign period to support alt-right narratives, went dark after November 8,…”
Detection and Resolution of Rumours in Social Media (2017, background): “In contrast, in their study of the 2013 Boston Marathon bombings, Starbird et al. [Starbird et al. 2014] found that Twitter users did not do so well in distinguishing between the truth and hoaxes.”