EBSD investigation of the crack initiation and TEM/FIB analyses of the microstructural changes around the cracks formed under Rolling Contact Fatigue (RCF)

By A. Grabulov, R. Petrov, H. Zandbergen. 2010

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Steels for bearings (2012, background): “The fact that the grains are finer at the tips of the butterflies than at the origin, might imply some kind of grain growth, although this observation [910] has not yet been discussed in the literature.”
Further understanding of rolling contact fatigue in rolling element bearings - A review (2019, background): “Consists of a structure of fine material [171] or equiaxed fine nano-crystalline ferrite grains 10-100 nm in diameter and is free of large carbides [86, 90, 172, 173].”
White structure flaking (WSF) in wind turbine gearbox bearings: Effects of ‘butterflies’ and white etching cracks (WECs) (2012, background): “Figure 14b shows tempered martensitic phase and a second phase of precipitates (cementite) within the WEA, which was also observed in another study by dark field TEM;(40) in addition, inverse pole figure map showed that WEA exhibits no preferential crystallographic orientation.(23) Kernel average mi”
An updated review: White etching cracks (WECs) and axial cracks in wind turbine gearbox bearings (2016, background): “WEA has been observed with inhomogeneous grain size,(54) gradients in grain size,(68) needle-like structures(54) or other lamellar structures,(6) and butterfly wing WEA having no preferential crystallographic orientation when analysed by EBSD.(68) Carbon atoms located in the dislocation strain field”