Pixels vs. Paper: Comparing Online and Traditional Survey Methods in Sport Psychology

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Athlete Engagement in Elite Sport: An Exploratory Investigation of Antecedents and Consequences (2009, methodology): “However, based on the information provided by the PacificSport staff and the percentage of faulty addresses 190 Hodge, Lonsdale, and Jackson found in previous research using online surveys (Lonsdale et al., 2006), we estimated that the response rate in the current study was approximately 30%.”
Differential response rates in postal and web-based surveys in older respondents (2009, background): “The proportion of item non-response has been examined in other studies (see e.g. Akl et al. 2005; Denscombe 2006; Lonsdale et al. 2006; McDonald and Adam 2003), all of which found higher item non-response in postal versions.”
Comparing the Similarity of Responses Received from Studies in Amazon’s Mechanical Turk to Studies Conducted Online and with Direct Recruitment (2015, background): “Some research findings demonstrate that online questionnaires improve data quality due to their lower missing responses rate and better internal consistency [10, 12].”