The Invisible Woman: Gender, Crime, and Justice

By J. Belknap. 1995

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Citations in the corpus

Interventions over Predictions: Reframing the Ethical Debate for Actuarial Risk Assessment (2017, background): “little attention has been given to validating these models on more diverse populations, in spite of the fact that there is a robust body of academic literature that captures a variety of gendered and racialized pathways to crime [9, 12, 62].”
The Relational Theory of Women's Psychological Development: Implications for the Criminal Justice System (2007, background): “In a 1997 report on gender-responsive services for adolescent girls to the governor from the Office of Criminal Justice Services for the State of Ohio, Belknap et al. (1997) wrote,”
Understanding Women's Pathways to Jail: Analysing the Lives of Incarcerated Women (2008, background): “This literature is far too extensive to summarise here (for detailed reviews, see Belknap, 2006; Britton, 2000; Kruttschnitt, 1996; and Simpson & Herz, 1999).”
“Difference” in the Police Department (2003, background): “Women have repeatedly been channeled into the least desirable jobs within an occupation (Balkin, 1988; Belknap, 2001; Bell, 1982; Berg & Budnick, 1986; Kessler-Harris, 1990; Reskin & Roos, 1990; Wood, Corcoran, & Courant, 1993).”
Reconciling the Differences Between the “Gender-Responsive” and the “What Works” Literatures to Improve Services for Girls (2008, background): “…1997; Gilligan, 1982; Howell, 2003; Steffensmeier & Allan, 1998), discussing the sexist and paternalistic response of the juvenile justice system (See Belknap, 2001; Chesney-Lind & Sheldon, 2004; Feinman, 1986; Fox, 1984; Freedman, 1974; Odem & Schlossman, 1991), and putting forth principles on…”
Gender, Self-control, and Informal Social Control in Adolescence (2002, background): “Although originally formulated as a theory that explains the delinquent involvement of both boys and girls, early tests of social control theory (e.g., Hirschi, 1969) focused almost exclusively on boys (Belknap, 1996; Chesney-Lind & Shelden, 1992).”
Women Coming Home: Long‐Term Patterns of Recidivism (2010, background): “For example, victimization, economic marginalization, and substance abuse have been shown to disproportionately affect women and play unique roles in shaping female criminality (Belknap, 2007; Chesney-Lind, 1997; Daly, 1998; Owen, 1998).”
White female victims and death penalty disparity research (2004, background): “view that black female victims do not have the same status as white female victims (Belknap, 2001), but challenges the argument that an elevated status extends to all white victims.”
Determining What Works for Girls in the Juvenile Justice System (2009, background): “Incarcerated girls are typically younger than their male counterparts, stay for less time, and are more likely to have been remanded to custody for status offenses or less serious crimes (Belknap, 2001; Chesney-Lind & Pasko, 2004; Snyder & Sickmund, 2006).”
Reintegration Success and Failure: Factors Impacting Reintegration Among Incarcerated and Formerly Incarcerated Women (2010, background): “Released female prisoners have multifaceted, intersecting needs distinct from those of men, stemming largely from victimization, substance addiction, mental illness, and economic marginality (Belknap, 2007; Chesney-Lind, 1997; Daly, 1998).”
Criminal Prosecution of Domestic Violence Offenses (2005, background): “The low rate of prosecution seen historically with domestic violence very likely had a reciprocal effect on police behavior; officers reported that they were less inclined to arrest suspects given that the district attorney’s (DA) office usually declined to prosecute (Belknap, 1996).”
Assessing the Effect of Routine Activity Theory and Self-Control on Property, Personal, and Sexual Assault Victimization (2012, background): “From the standpoint of feminist theory, delayed consideration of violence against women is characteristic of mainstream criminology (Belknap, 2001; Britton, 2000; Daly & Chesney-Lind, 1988; Franklin, 2008).”
“Victim is Not Credible”: The Influence of Rape Culture on Police Perceptions of Sexual Assault Complainants (2019, background): “Societal attitudes surrounding SA victim responsibility include the beliefs that alcohol consumption and intoxication cause rape (Belknap, 2007), that women’s appearances (i.”