Concepts and methods in optimization of integrated LC VCOs

By Donhee Ham, Ali Hajimiri. IEEE J. Solid State Circuits, 2001

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A Wide Tuning-Range CMOS VCO With a Differential Tunable Active Inductor (2006, background): “the noise current of a MOSFET is modeled by the channelinduced noise and gate-induced noise as [11], [12]”
Concurrent multiband low-noise amplifiers-theory, design, and applications (2002, background): “As the loss and noise are closely related through the fluctuation-dissipation theorem of statistical physics [15], [16], the energy loss reduction translates to a lower NF for the amplifier.”
A 1.8-GHz LC VCO with 1.3-GHz tuning range and digital amplitude calibration (2005, background): “13 as a power-frequency-tuning-normalized (PFTN) figure of merit (FOM), introduced in [2], for calibrated and uncalibrated scenarios.”
A noise-shifting differential Colpitts VCO (2002, background): “Despite these advantages, single-ended Colpitts oscillators are rarely used in today’s integrated circuits due to their higher required gain for reliable start-up and single-ended nature that makes them more sensitive to parameter variations and common-mode noise sources, such as substrate and…”