Carotenoids in Algae: Distributions, Biosyntheses and Functions
By S. Takaichi. Marine Drugs, 2011
729 citations recorded by the source corpus.
For photosynthesis, phototrophic organisms necessarily synthesize not only chlorophylls but also carotenoids. Many kinds of carotenoids are found in algae and, recently, taxonomic studies of algae have been developed. In this review, the relationship between the distribution of carotenoids and the phylogeny of oxygenic phototrophs in sea and fresh water, including cyanobacteria, red algae, brown algae and green algae, is summarized. These phototrophs contain division- or class-specific carotenoids, such as fucoxanthin, peridinin and siphonaxanthin. The distribution of α-carotene and its derivatives, such as lutein, loroxanthin and siphonaxanthin, are limited to divisions of Rhodophyta (macrophytic type), Cryptophyta, Euglenophyta, Chlorarachniophyta and Chlorophyta. In addition, carotenogenesis pathways are discussed based on the chemical structures of carotenoids and known characteristics of carotenogenesis enzymes in other organisms; genes and enzymes for carotenogenesis in algae are not yet known. Most carotenoids bind to membrane-bound pigment-protein complexes, such as reaction center, light-harvesting and cytochrome b6f complexes. Water-soluble peridinin-chlorophyll a-protein (PCP) and orange carotenoid protein (OCP) are also established. Some functions of carotenoids in photosynthesis are also briefly summarized.
Subfields: Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment
View Paper: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/43d7257b43ddcb06f8aafe5e3bbdf686a1edb376
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Citations in the corpus
- Comprehending crystalline β-carotene accumulation by comparing engineered cell models and the natural carotenoid-rich system of citrus (2011, neutral): “Different pathways have been proposed and discussed (Coesel et al., 2008; Bertrand, 2010; Lohr, 2011; Takaichi, 2011) but”
- Synthesis of carotenoids and regulation of the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway in response to high light stress in the unicellular microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (2012, background): “The reviews by Cunningham & Gantt (1998), Lohr et al. (2005), Botella-Pavı́a & Rodriguez-Concepción (2006) and Sandmann et al. (2006), and also those by Lu & Li (2008), Giuliano et al. (2008) and Takaichi (2011), offer a good general view of this metabolic pathway in plants and microorganisms.”
- Applications for Marine Resources in Cosmetics (2017, background): “Algae are also a major source of β-carotene [119].”
- Screening microalgae as potential sources of antioxidants (2017, background): “Chlorophytes and eustigmatophytes produce high amounts of carotenoids such as β-carotene, violaxanthin, and neoxanthin (Takaichi 2011), and recent studies reveal high antioxidant capacity of these carotenoids (Müller et al. 2011).”
- Harmful Algal Blooms (2015, background): “For example, the β-carotene derivative β-cyclocitral is generated in a reaction catalyzed by a carotene oxygenase that is unique to some species of the toxic cyanobacteria Microcystis (Hofbauer and Jüttner, 1988; Takaichi, 2011).”
- Microalgae metabolites: A rich source for food and medicine (2017, background): “Carotenoids are lipophilic pigments with isoprenoid structures that occur in higher plants, microalgae and in nonphotosynthetic organisms (Del-Campo et al., 2007; Takaichi, 2011).”