Sampling effort affects multivariate comparisons of stream assemblages

By Yong Cao, D. P. Larsen, R. Hughes, P. Angermeier, T. Patton. Journal of The North American Benthological Society, 2002

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Biogeography of Iberian freshwater fishes revisited: the roles of historical versus contemporary constraints (2009, background): “…hypothesis testing, additional efforts to quantify uncertainties should be made, such as the adequacy of typical fish sampling efforts (particularly concerning rare species; see Cao et al., 2002) and the influence of using land-based grid cells for understanding patterns of freshwater biodiversity.”
Ambiguous taxa: effects on the characterization and interpretation of invertebrate assemblages (2007, background): “…and Tullett 1978, Resh 1979, Furse et al. 1984, Storey and Pinder 1985, Cranston 1990, Clifford and Casey 1992, Kerans et al. 1992, Resh and McElravy 1993, Marchant et al. 1995, Brinkman and Duffy 1996, Hauer and Lamberti 1996, Vinson and Hawkins 1996, Carter and Resh 2001, Cao et al. 2002a, b).”
CO‐INERTIA ANALYSIS AND THE LINKING OF ECOLOGICAL DATA TABLES (2003, background): “Unequal sampling effort also introduces biases in the analysis (Cao et al. 2001, 2002) because sampling size is closely related to species richness.”
Can DNA barcodes of stream macroinvertebrates improve descriptions of community structure and water quality? (2011, background): “Three composite samples were collected per site, so this protocol resulted in .600 specimens per site, which is more than the 500 individuals commonly suggested as adequate to describe species richness at a site (e.g., Cao et al. 2002).”