GANG MEMBERSHIP AS A TURNING POINT IN THE LIFE COURSE

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The Relationship between Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) and Juvenile Offending Trajectories in a Juvenile Offender Sample (2015, methodology): “Prior research has used a single self-reported item for gangmembership (Melde & Esbensen, 2011) and has indicated the validity of self-reportmeasures for gangmembership (Krohn,Ward, Thornberry, Lizotte, & Chu, 2011; Thornberry, Krohn, Lizotte, & Chard-Wierschem, 1993; Thornberry, Krohn, Lizotte,…”
When Criminal Coping is Likely: An Extension of General Strain Theory (2013, background): “…particularly youth from different groups (e.g., Agnew 2006, 2011; Agnew and Brezina 2012; Anderson 1999; Cooney 1998; Felson 1996; Jacobs and Wright 2006; Katz 1988; Melde and Esbensen 2011; Osgood et al. 1996; Shover 1996; Weisburd et al. 2009; Wikstrom et al. 2010; Wright and Topalli 2013).”
Going to extremes: Social identity and communication processes associated with gang membership (2014, background): “But once involved, members tend to maintain membership through their 20s (see Melde & Esbensen, 2011).”