Caffeinated Energy Drinks -- A Growing Problem
By C. Reissig, E. Strain, Roland R. Griffiths. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 2008
1,035 citations recorded by the source corpus.
Since the introduction of Red Bull in Austria in 1987 and in the United States in 1997, the energy drink market has grown exponentially. Hundreds of different brands are now marketed, with caffeine content ranging from a modest 50 mg to an alarming 505 mg per can or bottle. Regulation of energy drinks, including content labeling and health warnings differs across countries, with some of the most lax regulatory requirements in the U.S. The absence of regulatory oversight has resulted in aggressive marketing of energy drinks, targeted primarily toward young males, for psychoactive, performance-enhancing and stimulant drug effects. There are increasing reports of caffeine intoxication from energy drinks, and it seems likely that problems with caffeine dependence and withdrawal will also increase. In children and adolescents who are not habitual caffeine users, vulnerability to caffeine intoxication may be markedly increased due to an absence of pharmacological tolerance. Genetic factors may also contribute to an individual’s vulnerability to caffeine related disorders including caffeine intoxication, dependence, and withdrawal. The combined use of caffeine and alcohol is increasing sharply, and studies suggest that such combined use may increase the rate of alcohol-related injury. Several studies suggest that energy drinks may serve as a gateway to other forms of drug dependence. Regulatory implications concerning labeling and advertising, and the clinical implications for children and adolescents are discussed.
Subfields: Clinical Psychology, Pharmacology, Sociology and Political Science
View Paper: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/43891dfe0c7f6ba5946b07dbccde6c7080c5366a
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Citations in the corpus
- Ultra‐processed foods and the nutrition transition: Global, regional and national trends, food systems transformations and political economy drivers (2020, background): “for food regulators, given the intensive marketing of these products to youth and the harms associated with excessive consumption.(221)”
- Herbal extracts and phytochemicals: plant secondary metabolites and the enhancement of human brain function. (2011, background): “At higher doses, caffeine leads to increased anxiety, restlessness, insomnia, tachycardia, and psychomotor agitation and ultimately to caffeine intoxication, and, in extreme cases, death (71).”
- Health Effects of Energy Drinks on Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults (2011, background): “1,8,13,26–35 Given the rapidly growing market and popularity among youth, we reviewed the literature to (1) determine what energy drinks are, (2) compile consumption data of energy drinks by children, adolescents, and young adults, (3) compile caffeine and energy drink overdose data, (4) examine the”
- DSM-5 Criteria for Substance Use Disorders: Recommendations and Rationale (2013, background): “Relatively small-sample clinical surveys published since then and the accumulating data on the clinical significance of caffeine withdrawal and dependence support further consideration for a caffeine use disorder (152, 153, 156–160), particularly given concerns about youth energy drinkmisuse and new”