Variable and complementary effects of herbivores on different life stages of bloom-forming macroalgae

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Strong bottom‐up and top‐down control of early life stages of macroalgae (2001, background): “Strong effects of the dominant grazer Littorina littorea on macroalgae are common in the NW Atlantic (Lubchenco 1983; Worm 2000), whereas in the Baltic this species has limited effects due to preference for microalgae (Lotze and Worm 2000).”
Ecophysiological traits explain species dominance patterns in macroalgal blooms (2000, background): “Both species suffer from high losses to grazing, but, as long as Enteromorpha is present, this species is preferred by herbivores which indirectly favors Pilayella (Lotze and Worm 2000).”
Trophic cascades in a temperate seagrass community (2008, result): “This result is consistent with earlier studies showing that Ectocarpales species often replace grazersusceptible species such as Ulva when grazers are abundant (Lotze and Worm 2000, Lotze et al. 2001).”