Significance of butterfly eyespots as an anti-predator device in ground-based and aerial attacks

By A. Lyytinen, P. Brakefield, J. Mappes. 2003

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Conspicuousness, not eye mimicry, makes "eyespots" effective antipredator signals (2008, background): “Although there is little experimental evidence that eyespots have a deflective role (e.g., see Lyytinen et al. 2003, 2004 ), evidence that some lepidopteran wing spots possess an intimidating function has been convincingly demonstrated in both peacock butterflies (Inachis io) and eyed hawk moths (S”
Butterfly habitats, broad‐scale biotope affiliations, and structural exploitation of vegetation at finer scales: the matrix revisited (2004, background): “Butterflies with large/prominent marginal wing spotting (ocellation) are expected to occur in more structurally complex vegetation (Dennis et al., 1986), warmer areas and where adults can be more active (Brakefield, 1984; Dennis et al., 1986; Lyytinen et al., 2003).”
Predators as drivers of insect defenses (2020, background): “1f ), which hunts diurnal insects, is commonly used as a model predator to investigate antipredator defenses in insects (Brower & Brower 1965; Krall et al. 1999; Lyytinen et al. 2003; Whitman & Vincent 2008; Byers 2015).”