Open innovation: Are inbound and outbound knowledge flows really complementary?

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Open innovation in SMEs: Exploring inter-organizational relationships in an ecosystem (2017, background): “boundaries, which also implies mutually dependent inflows and outflows (Cassiman and Valentini, 2016).”
Open innovation: current status and research opportunities (2017, neutral): “While Cassiman and Valentini (2016) found no complementarity between inbound and outbound OI, more research is needed here.”
Unravelling appropriability mechanisms and openness depth effects on firm performance across stages in the innovation process (2017, neutral): “The need to investigate such contingencies has also been stressed in recent studies, for instance Bogers et al. (2016) or Cassiman and Valentini (2016).”
The evolution of intellectual property strategy in innovation ecosystems: Uncovering complementary and substitute appropriability regimes (2017, background): “…of competitive advantage, enabling the use of external sources of innovation and external commercialization strategies (Granstrand, 1982; Granstrand and Sj€olander, 1990; Chesbrough, 2003; Chesbrough et al., 2006; Dahlander and Gann, 2010; West and Bogers, 2014; Cassiman and Valentini, 2016).”