Equatorial spread F/plasma bubble irregularities under storm time disturbance electric fields

By M. Abdu. 2012

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Low‐latitude ionosphere response to super geomagnetic storm of 17/18 March 2015: Results from a chain of ground‐based observations over Indian sector (2015, background): “In contrast, during a superstorm of 30 October 2003, it is observed that intense PP electric fields caused abnormally larger vertical drift of nearly more than 1000m/s, which did not produce any ESF signatures [Abdu et al., 2003; Abdu, 2012].”
Midlatitude Plasma Bubbles Over China and Adjacent Areas During a Magnetic Storm on 8 September 2017 (2018, background): “The postsunset enhancement of eastward electric field, also known as prereversal enhancement (PRE), is responsible for the enhanced equatorial upward drift that causes density perturbations to grow by the R-T instability mechanism, which may lead to the formation of plasma bubbles (Abadi et al., 201”
Ionospheric response to the 2015 St. Patrick's Day storm: A global multi‐instrumental overview (2015, background): “For the South American stations, the determination of the critical frequency of the F2 layer was difficult due to the presence of an intense spread F, which is a commonly known feature at low latitudes, especially during geomagnetic disturbances and in the evening time [e.g., Abdu, 2012].”