Experimental study of three-dimensional vortex structures in translating and rotating plates

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Vorticity transport in the leading-edge vortex on a rotating blade (2014, background): “Kim & Gharib (2010) found similar spanwise flow external to the vortex core on a rotating blade, but not in pure translation.”
Very small insects use novel wing flapping and drag principle to generate the weight-supporting vertical force (2018, background): “These studies have revealed the detailed structure of the LEV and how it changes with the Reynolds number (e. g. Birch, Dickson & Dickinson 2004; Kim & Gharib 2010; Ozen & Rochwell 2012; Jardin, Farcy & David 2012; Garmann, Visbal & Orkwis 2013), the aspect ratio of wing (e. g. Luo & Sun 2005;…”
Hydrodynamics of swimming in stingrays: numerical simulations and the role of the leading-edge vortex (2016, background): “For translating 2D foils (Dickinson & Gotz 1993; Kim & Gharib 2010; Beem et al. 2012; Pitt Ford & Babinsky 2013) or heaving and pitching 2D foils (Anderson et al. 1998; Wang 2000; Lewin & Haj-Hariri 2003; Dong et al. 2006), the LEV grows and starts shedding, but it remains stable/attached for 3D…”
Dynamics of revolving wings for various aspect ratios (2014, background): “Substantial and widespread spanwise flow was also observed in the experiments of Kim & Gharib (2010), where the authors attributed it to the pressure gradient and tilted vorticity of the LEV as it increases in size from root to tip.”