Handbook of Biometrics

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Deep Representations for Iris, Face, and Fingerprint Spoofing Detection (2014, background): “ characteristics and traits can successfully allow people identiﬁcation and authentication and have been widely used for access control, surveillance, and also in national and global security systems [1]. In the last few years, due to the recent technological improvements for data acquisition, stora”
Anti-spoofing in Action: Joint Operation with a Verification System (2013, methodology): “The fusion rules can be applied to combine experts which work with the same biometric modality (like multi-sensor, multi-algorithm, multi-instance and multisample systems) or different biometric modalities (multimodal) [24].”
Counter-measures to photo attacks in face recognition: A public database and a baseline (2011, background): “These so-called spoofing attempts [3] are direct attacks to the input sensors of the biometric system.”
Face Anti-spoofing: Visual Approach (2014, background): “These so-called spoofs [5] are attacks to the input sensors of the biometric system.”