Pool boiling of nano-fluids on horizontal narrow tubes

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Small particles, big impacts: A review of the diverse applications of nanofluids (2013, background): “Throughout the literature [76], [179–184], a wide variety of heaters and particle materials were used.”
A critical synthesis of thermophysical characteristics of nanofluids (2011, background): “These mechanisms include formation of nanoparticles coatings on the surface during pool boiling of nanofluids [99], decrease in active nucleation sites due to nanoparticle sedimentation on the boiling surface [107], and the wettability change of the surface [20,21].”
Heat Transfer in Nanofluids—A Review (2006, background): “The deterioration increased with reducing diameter of narrow tubes [ 92 ], as shown in Figure 10 .”
Critical review of heat transfer characteristics of nanofluids (2007, methodology): “[3,4], the nanoparticles deteriorated the boiling characteristics of water in the nucleate boiling regime.”
Experimental investigation into the pool boiling heat transfer of aqueous based γ-alumina nanofluids (2005, result): “Similar phenomenon was also observed in a later study by Das et al., (2003b) using smaller heaters with 4.5 and 6 mm outside diameters.”