Antisense oligonucleotides: basic concepts and mechanisms.

By N. Dias, C. Stein. Molecular Cancer Therapeutics, 2002

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Roles, Functions, and Mechanisms of Long Non-coding RNAs in Cancer (2016, background): “While unmodified oligonucleotides are available, certain chemical modifications such as 20-O-(2-methoxy) ethyl oligonucleotides increase the lifespan of the oligonucleotide in the complex milieu of nucleases within the cell, and reduce degradation products, which may also have effects on the cells [”
Imaging Native β-Actin mRNA in Motile Fibroblasts (2004, background): “However, if the probes bind tightly to the coding regions of target mRNAs, the passage of ribosomes during translation might be blocked, or if the probes bind to the region containing the start codon (as molecular beacon CEF b-actin-66-83 does), the initiation of protein synthesis might be blocked (”
Regulation of matrix metalloproteinase gene expression (2007, background): “Indeed, a cytoplasmic protein nucleolin is bound by the 30-UTR of human MMP-9 mRNA, in response to an iron chelator 2,2-Dipyridyl and upregulates MMP-9 protein synthesis by enhancing the translation efficiency of the mRNA (Fahling et al., 2005).”
Targeting MicroRNAs in Cancer: Rationale, Strategies and Challenges (2010, unknown): “Various chemical modifications in oligonucleotides have been investigated, such as morpholinos, peptide nucleic acids, cholesterol conjugation (see antisense section) and phosphorothioate backbone modification”